1 2 “Golden Horde”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for Juchi's Ulus, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turkic and Uralic peoples and Sarmatians & Scythians and, to a lesser extent, Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy. Distinguish the Kipchak Khanate from the earlier Cuman-Kipchak confederation in the same region that had previously held sway, before its conquest by the Mongols.
↑ Mantran, Robert (Fossier Robert, chủ biên) "A Turkish or Mongolian Islam" trong The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 1250-1520, tr. 298
